Woodstock - The Cultural Effects Essays - , Term Papers

Woodstock - The Cultural Effects by Katie Bohr The Woodstock Music and Art and Festival was held August 15 - 17, 1969 on a farm near Woodstock, New York. The farm was owned by Max Yasgur. It was a rock music festival and the starting event of the era known as the Counterculture. Attracted by the presence of the most famous rock music bands and performers of the time, a huge crowd of almost 500,000 fans camped in a meadow and for three days lived in a heavy atmosphere of amplified music drugs and togetherness. The event received nationwide publicity, and many people felt that the new way of life had proved itself. But the illusion of success was hurt four months later at a free outdoor rock concert in California, featuring the Rolling Stones. It was spoiled by violence and ended with four deaths, one of them a murder. The Counterculture The counterculture was a social revolt among middle-class young people. Opposition to the Vietnam War and to a society that could pursue such a war, was at it's core. It had both political and cultural points of view: people who participated in the cultural revolt were called hippies; the political movement was known as the New Left. The revolt had several starting points. Between 1950 and 1964 the college population had more than doubled, reaching to about 5 million. Rock music helped popularize the freer alternate life-styles of young people. The civil rights and peace movements had made the failures of the existing system public. More liberal child - rearing practices had produced a generation that was not unfamiliar to freedom. A youth revolt had occurred in the 1920's. That revolt had concerned itself principally with matters of cultural style and personal behavior. It's symbols were flappers, gin, and jazz (as the counterculture's were long hair, drugs, and rock music). The Hippies The hippies dropped the traditional family in favor of other arrangements based on love. In practice, a person lived however long they wished with whomever they wished, in couples or in groups known as communes. Sexual relations in these groups might occur whenever mutual attraction was strong enough. Hippies chose to live in the present, to "go with the flow," and to "hang loose," over being "uptight". The partly religious nature of the psychedelic experience led many young people to forms of mysticism. Oriental philosophies, like yoga, Zen, Tibetan Buddhism, and the Chinese "I Ching" (Book of Changes), were studied, and their more easily accessible points of view were understood. Others followed Western occult pursuits, such as astrology, tarot, palmistry, and witchcraft. After LSD was banned in 1966, Timothy Leary founded the League for Spiritual Discovery, which recommended legalizing marijuana and LSD as religious sacraments. The Drugs Drugs played a major part in the cultural effects of the Woodstock festival. Hallucinogens like LSD, Psilocybin, Marijuana, hashish, and mescaline worked as social catalysts. These psychedelic drugs completely altered perception, strongly strengthening the belief that society's rules and institutions were optional. Hippies were often arrested for illegal drug activities. Suicides caused by LSD, connected with an epidemic of heroin and other "hard" drugs, destroyed the hope that psychedelic drugs might release human consciousness. The New Left The political aspect of the counterculture was lead by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). This campus group inspired many students to political action. Among it's leaders, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin gained nationwide fame. (These 4 people were also the head of the Woodstock Festival.) Alliances were forged with the "Black Panthers" and other radical minority organizations. The mocking style of the Yippies (Youth International Party) attracted many to the New Left. Both movements shared the goals of personal and societal liberation and had a common enemy : the decline of Western society. The New Left gained national visibility through protest demonstrations in support of the civil rights movement and against the Vietnam War. In 1968 there were violent clashes between police and demonstrators in Chicago at the Democratic National Convention. A radical party, the Weathermen, developed in the SDS. Favoring the use of violence and terror, they went underground in 1969 and began bombings. Decline of the Counterculture While the counterculture

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 essays

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 essays Bitter controversies on a number of issues were revealed due to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. There are political explanations of why these Acts were passed which center primarily around the state of foreign relations. Two parties of the day, the Democratic-Republic and the Federalists were initially in support of the constitution that did not require a Bill of Rights, and only conceded in order to aid in the ratification of the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans, with whom Thomas Jefferson was numbered were heavily fearful of a strong central government. HE was willing to allow the law to be used to his political advantage. He would later prosecute Federalists editors under this legislation, though he would allow the legislation to expire during his administration. James Madison wrote in The Virginia Report, 1800 that the Sedition Act was unconstitutional. In his view the first Amendment guaranteed an absolute freedom against the federal government, for no authority of the United States could abridge it. Madison did not support the sedition law. The act was criticized by Madison. In the speech in the House of Representatives on the proposed Sedition Act, Gallatin said that if sedition is an enemy of the Constitution, then its liable to punishment. The Bill should be used as a weapon by a party now in power. John Alien said that a conspiracy against the Constitution is formed. A man was always answerable for the malicious publication of falsehood. Hamilton thought that the Sedition Act may damage the civil war. Alien Act was passed along with the Sedition Act. The Alien Act gave power to the president. A Fourteen year residency period for aliens was required prior to naturalization as a citizen. IT also allowed the restraint and removal in time of war of resident adult aliens of the hostile nation. Hamilton had said that those who help the French were not Americans but fool, ...

Belonging to Culture

This statement is also shown in the related text ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. In the film, various techniques are used such as long shots, full shots and panning. In the related text the techniques used are a metaphor, listing, contrast and emotive words. In the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ the engagement scene starts off with a long shot of the outside of Jessminder’s house. The house is decorated with lights and lighting is a technique used to make the house stand out. After that there is a high angle/close up shot of the food. The foods are colourful and bright. Bright colours are festive and symbolises happy occasions. Costume is another technique. Everyone is wearing the same sort of clothing and they are colourful. This shows that they belong to the Indian culture. The full/long shot of the room and the people sitting next to each other shows sense of belonging to their culture. This scene also explores gender roles. The males were sitting down, eating and talking to others whilst Jess was walking around offering food to the guests. A woman tells Jess â€Å"it will be your turn soon. † This means that she is expected to marry an Indian man just like every other Indian woman. These values and traditions are aspects of their Sikh Indian culture and Jess is expected to follow them. People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. We also see this in the pre-wedding preparation scene. In this scene we see everyone sitting together again. Gender roles are explored in this scene as well. All the women are sitting next to each other around a table making samosas. A full shot is a technique used in this scene. This shows belonging to their culture because they are all celebrating harmoniously. There are alternations used between the Indian and British culture to show contrast between the two cultures. There is an overhead shot of the Bhamra’s backyard and their neighbours backyard. The Bhamra’s backyard is colourful, active and bright while their neighbours backyard is quiet, dull and empty. There are alternations used between Jess preparing for the wedding and her team training for the finals. This shows that she is caught between two cultures. Music is a technique used. The music is sad and so is Jess. Her facial expressions show us that she is not interested in what’s going on around her. She takes down her David Beckham poster and this shows that she is giving up on soccer. People feel a strong belonging to their culture however some people can feel caught between two cultures. Another text that that shows people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture is the poem ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. This poem is about a Greek woman who moves into Australia but does not want to integrate. The metaphor â€Å"she brought her country with her in packing cases† tells us that she has brought ornaments of her country with her because she feels strongly about her culture. She does not want to integrate because she is scared of losing her own culture. At her home in Australia, she listens to Greek music, speaks Greek with her granddaughter and this shows she feels strongly about her culture. Another technique used in this poem is listing. First there is a listing of all the Greek items and then there is a listing of Australian items. This shows contrast between two cultures. Her granddaughter listens to western music, speaks English and eats Australian food. â€Å"Her grandchild†¦has eaten corned-beef, cornflakes†¦another tongue, her future. † This quote tells us her granddaughter has found it quite easy to integrate whereas â€Å"the land gave way, she arranged it to her liking,† shows the grandmother got her way. The use of emotive words such as â€Å"fierce† and â€Å"confrontation† shows that there was a battle between the grandmother and her new environment and she won because she did not integrate. Australia is more malleable than she,† tell us Australia was manipulated because the grandmother did not give up. She kept to her culture. Not only do people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture but they can experience cultural clash. In conclusion people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham ’ and the poem ‘Integrated. ’ Both of these texts show us people feel strongly about their culture. However they also show us that cultural clashes can arise as well when people feel trapped between two cultures. Belonging to Culture This statement is also shown in the related text ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. In the film, various techniques are used such as long shots, full shots and panning. In the related text the techniques used are a metaphor, listing, contrast and emotive words. In the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ the engagement scene starts off with a long shot of the outside of Jessminder’s house. The house is decorated with lights and lighting is a technique used to make the house stand out. After that there is a high angle/close up shot of the food. The foods are colourful and bright. Bright colours are festive and symbolises happy occasions. Costume is another technique. Everyone is wearing the same sort of clothing and they are colourful. This shows that they belong to the Indian culture. The full/long shot of the room and the people sitting next to each other shows sense of belonging to their culture. This scene also explores gender roles. The males were sitting down, eating and talking to others whilst Jess was walking around offering food to the guests. A woman tells Jess â€Å"it will be your turn soon. † This means that she is expected to marry an Indian man just like every other Indian woman. These values and traditions are aspects of their Sikh Indian culture and Jess is expected to follow them. People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. We also see this in the pre-wedding preparation scene. In this scene we see everyone sitting together again. Gender roles are explored in this scene as well. All the women are sitting next to each other around a table making samosas. A full shot is a technique used in this scene. This shows belonging to their culture because they are all celebrating harmoniously. There are alternations used between the Indian and British culture to show contrast between the two cultures. There is an overhead shot of the Bhamra’s backyard and their neighbours backyard. The Bhamra’s backyard is colourful, active and bright while their neighbours backyard is quiet, dull and empty. There are alternations used between Jess preparing for the wedding and her team training for the finals. This shows that she is caught between two cultures. Music is a technique used. The music is sad and so is Jess. Her facial expressions show us that she is not interested in what’s going on around her. She takes down her David Beckham poster and this shows that she is giving up on soccer. People feel a strong belonging to their culture however some people can feel caught between two cultures. Another text that that shows people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture is the poem ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. This poem is about a Greek woman who moves into Australia but does not want to integrate. The metaphor â€Å"she brought her country with her in packing cases† tells us that she has brought ornaments of her country with her because she feels strongly about her culture. She does not want to integrate because she is scared of losing her own culture. At her home in Australia, she listens to Greek music, speaks Greek with her granddaughter and this shows she feels strongly about her culture. Another technique used in this poem is listing. First there is a listing of all the Greek items and then there is a listing of Australian items. This shows contrast between two cultures. Her granddaughter listens to western music, speaks English and eats Australian food. â€Å"Her grandchild†¦has eaten corned-beef, cornflakes†¦another tongue, her future. † This quote tells us her granddaughter has found it quite easy to integrate whereas â€Å"the land gave way, she arranged it to her liking,† shows the grandmother got her way. The use of emotive words such as â€Å"fierce† and â€Å"confrontation† shows that there was a battle between the grandmother and her new environment and she won because she did not integrate. Australia is more malleable than she,† tell us Australia was manipulated because the grandmother did not give up. She kept to her culture. Not only do people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture but they can experience cultural clash. In conclusion people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham ’ and the poem ‘Integrated. ’ Both of these texts show us people feel strongly about their culture. However they also show us that cultural clashes can arise as well when people feel trapped between two cultures.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Leadership - Essay Example The diversity of age in the workforce provides the leader with the opportunity of in-house schooling of the young and inexperienced employees. Leaders capitalize on the diversity of age by providing the inexperienced employees with frequent opportunities of interaction with and learning from the aged and experienced employees. Employee training and development of the employees’ competence is one of the fundamental prerequisites of the attainment of the organizational goals. Companies incur a lot of cost by arranging the conventional vocational training and competence enhancement courses for their workforce. This cost can be avoided by making use of the in-house sources of knowledge for the enrichment of the young and inexperienced lot. A leader uses the cultural diversity in the workforce to increase the consumer base for the company. The more diverse the workforce is culturally, the higher the population of consumers belonging to different cultures becomes. Furthermore, by ma king the workforce work in teams, a leader can help them understand one another’s culture and respect the differences (Gadget, 2011). Thus, leaders can make use of the diversity in the workplace in positive ways to attain their

Interrupting Flooding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interrupting Flooding - Assignment Example The rain garden should not be located straight over a septic system, it should also be built in sun and not under obstructions such as canopied trees among pother siting issues. The residential code regulates the construction of a rain garden by providing guidelines which must be followed. The cost of constructing rain garden is another inhibiting factor as the design should be deep enough to be costly. User profiles and needs: Surveys and interviews were conducted from different residents affected by the run-off during the rainy season to assess the extent of the problem. The users reported the following problems; Increase in pollution, Erosion of soil causes Sedimentation, Metal pollutants harm aquatic life, Stagnation of water increases the number of mosquitos, Contamination of water bodies with pesticides and Contribution of high temperatures among others. The problems are illustrated in the Pareto chart below. Design objectives: the design objects to solve the problem of the residents who experience high rates of surface run off during the rainy season. The design should be able to withstand percolation of water which reduces the amount of water running to the water bodies causing floods. The rain garden is designed to capture excess rainwater from hard surfaces which cannot percolate water such as driveways and cemented surfaces. The rain gardens are designed with beautiful flowers which can be attractive especially when in urban areas with poor drainage. The rain gardens are constructed with special features which enable them to capture the excess surface run-off. There are layers of sandy soil below the rain gardens which reduce the rate at which water enter the water bodies and the creeks. They are also effective in the removal of pollutants caused by fertilizers, nitrogen, dust and other wash off pollutants from the hard surfaces. Rain gardens are very effective as they can be mainta ined even in urban areas; they reduce runoff and protect the

Over all Impacts of Hobby Lobby Case Essay Example for Free

Over all Impacts of Hobby Lobby Case Essay As the Supreme Court has ruled against the ObamaCare mandate recently, commonly referred as the The Affordable Care Act (ACA), many of the religious communities are overwhelmed about the decision and take it as a victory whereas others are outraged about this situation as women community will be greatly affected by the rulings of the court. It is a setback for the women society that in the name of religious liberty they will be deprived of their medical concerned issues. The companies that consist of religious ideology will be able to legitimize something that may harm others. Certainly these events will have constant series of effects on the society and as well as some changes may also occur in the legislation relating to ObamaCare. Obamacare covers twenty types of birth control, upon four of them; the court has objected (Tom Cohen, 2014). Hobby lobby states that it is showing efforts to provide religious freedom but majority of the public don’t agree with this statement. Instead people are outraged that it is interfering in their personal lives. It will not let them exercise there constitutional rights. Moreover they would be forced to obey or practice something that they don’t agree upon. People will not tolerate that there liberty and freedom will be in risk. Soon the similar types of entities like Hobby Lobby will be legitimizing discrimination against gays and lesbians by businesses (Salon.com, 2014). Defintly it would be unethical of doing so because what kind of an individual is having relationships is their personal right. In the name of faith and religion they will be creating barriers in there jobs and at work places. On the stance of ethical issues, the question arises about the religious liberty. Will it really make us a good Christian or minimizing our choices and freedom? It will be unacceptable by the public that the Supreme Court has legalized something that creates discrimination and deprives women from their medical rights. Indeed it is a biased decision made by the Supreme Court. In the light of the decisions made, employees of any company will be obliged to practice the religious beliefs practiced by their owners. Common people have a religious perspective that, every individual is responsible for his or her own deeds and will be answerable to God. But the decision that has been taken in this case by the court will certainly snatch the liberty from the company’s employees. Upper management will be able to force their religious beliefs and customs down the throats  of their employees. On the other hand, the decision will have negative effects on the women employees as majority of them may have a chance of suffering from medical problems for example in case of ovarian cancer, ovarian cysts, they won’t be able to get enough or no treatment because of the objection of contraceptives. Thousands of women employees of these companies would have to pay double or be out of their birth control plan (Tom Cohen, 2014). It would be unethical for the companies for interfering in their employee’s private personal medical matters. References Tom Cohen, C. (2014). Hobby Lobby ruling much more than abortion. CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/02/politics/scotus-hobby-lobby-impacts/ Salon.com,. (2014). Hobby Lobbyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s secret agenda: How ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quietly funding a vast right-wing movement. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.salon.com/2014/03/27/hobby_lobbys_secret_agenda_how_its_secretly_funding_a_vast_right_wing_movement/

Practice Commentary :: English Literature

Practice Commentary This passage taken from Denton Welch’s Maiden Voyage, introduces the readers to the main character (whose name is not mentioned) in a place that is not well known to the main character. Through the use of foreshadowing, symbolism, effective setting and characterization the author is able to successfully display a situation where an adolescent’s rebelliousness leads him into trouble and unexpected events. This passage begins with one of the characters, Mr. Butler, telling the main character, â€Å"Foreigners are not very popular here.† This very first line of the passage acts as a great opening sentence as it foreshadows the horrifying event that follows and it sets up the ominous and menacing mood of the passage. However this sentence is written so that it is an understatement and thus even though it still foreshadows the event that follows in a subtle way, it does not decrease the effect of that event has on the readers. If the foreshadowing had been made more obvious like, â€Å"Don’t go outside or else they will kill you.† then the readers would not be so surprised when the identity of the object found by the main character is revealed and when the main character finds himself trapped. The author also uses symbolism in order to reveal the identity of the object found by the main character. It is first mentioned as a â€Å"black speck† and because the color black is usually associated with death and evil it catches the reader’s attention and arouses suspicion. Next as the main character gets closer to the object he wonders, â€Å"if it could be a cat crouching in the middle of the road,† or even a dark boulder. By this time the readers are sure that the object being mentioned is going to be an unusual yet scary thing because it is being compared to a black cat (which is seen as an omen) and a boulder (which is seen as an obstacle in ones path). The most important aspect of this passage is its setting as through the setting, the situation of the main character feeling imprisoned in the villa and then becoming trapped is made to seem more realistic and is also made easier to imagine. In the starting the villa in which the main character is staying is said to be surrounded by poplar trees that are tall and thin and are planted in straight lines. This gives the readers the feeling that these trees act as barriers between the villa and the Chinese city that lies outside and maybe even guards the people living inside the villa from the outside dangers. Apart from this it gives a sense of why the main character

In Cold Blood by Truman Capote Essay

  In Cold Blood: A True Account of Multiple Murder and Its Consequences by Truman Capote details the social arena that molded Dick Hickock and Perry Smith into criminals and killers.   The author wrote of how Hickock was brought up in a loving home with a stable family but suffered from mental illness.   Perry on the other hand, had alcoholic parents in a very unloving atmosphere, uneducated and suffered from depression.   Each was influenced by society differently but the result was the same.   The author details their stories from the beginning of their criminal history up to their execution for the murder of the Clutter family.   The question is, was Perry a â€Å"natural born killer†. In an article in Psychology Today there is evidence that activity or lack of in the prefrontal cortex of the brain region are associated with acts of murder.   This prefrontal cortex activity is also associated with a wide range of behaviors such as risk taking, rule breaking, aggression and impulsivity that can lead to violence.   This evidence has a great value in maybe creating a way for society to possibly point out problem individuals and possible treatment or prevention of criminal activity such as murder.   The article goes on to say that perhaps this is a way to point to biological differences or the possibility of natural born killers (Raine 10). In some ways Truman Capote could relate to Perry because both had terrible experiences growing up. The author was intrigued as to why Perry would go on to kill and he didn’t. Capote wrote that possible social consequences made the difference possibly grooming Perry to be a killer and some professionals agree sociologist are not satisfied with the explanations that are rooted in biology and personality.   They point to the perspective of symbolic interaction that each of us interprets life through symbols that we learn (Henslin 133).   Sociologist Edwin Sutherland stressed that people learn deviance.   He uses the term differential association to indicate that we learn to deviate or to conform to society’s norms mostly by the people we associate with.   But if this is correct then why does some with the same interaction kill and others do not?   In my opinion there are people who are born natural killers.   It is something that is innate within some individuals and is nurtured by society to its final display.   In my belief some individuals will be born a killer and some will not.   Society takes this innate trait and shapes them even more, or even less, towards the direction of their innate features.   The degree of their actions is my proof.   Take hunting some individuals can hunt and some cannot.   This is an example of the innate trait for killing expressed in killing for food rather than killing another human. Degree is how society grooms each killer, the hunter and the murderer, to their final â€Å"ends†.   Because traits are passed from parent to child that is why some societies are prone to have more killers than others and what degree the acts are committed is influenced by each of the societies they live in.  Ã‚   The degree of the trait is what society uses for determining how wrong the act is and how that individual will be punished.   Evil is solely influenced and decided by the society one lives in.   Killing is inevitable for some individuals; it is to what degree that makes the difference. Reference: Capote, Truman.   In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its    Consequences.   New York: Signet Books, 1965. Henslin, James M.   Essentials of Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach.   Boston:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allyn and Bacon, 2000. Raine, A.   Natural born Killers?   Psychology Today 28(1), p.10, 1995 Jan/Feb.

Public Vs Private Special Education Education Essay

Public schools are under onslaught and have been for some clip. This tendency is increasing and the popularity of private schools is turning. How does this social tendency relate to the instruction of kids with particular demands? The Education for all Handicapped Children Act ( EAHCA ) was originally passed in by Congress in 1975 and signed into jurisprudence by President Gerald Ford. This act stipulated that kids with disablements would hold the right to a free and appropriate instruction. Since its original transition, the jurisprudence has been amended four times and is referred to today as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) ( Conroy, Yell, Katsiyannis and Collins, 2010, p. 1 ) . This paper will analyze how the jurisprudence was originally founded and how it has evolved over the old ages. The difference between how services are delivered to pupils with particular demands in public and private schools will be explored and who pays for such services will be re searched. Finally, this paper will seek to reply the inquiry: Which is better – private or public – for pupils with particular demands? The Law Prior to EAHCA, besides known as Public Law 94-142, kids with particular demands were by and large excluded from public instruction. With this landmark statute law, public schools were required to offer equal entree to instruction and one free repast per twenty-four hours to pupils with particular demands in order to have federal support. The basic premiss of this jurisprudence was that provinces must develop and implement policies that afford kids with particular demands a free and appropriate instruction. The four specific intents of PL 94-142 were to supply a free and appropriate instruction to pupils with particular demands, protect the rights of kids and their parents, to help provinces and vicinities with the proviso of instruction and to measure the effectivity of all of the aforesaid attempts. Inherent in EAHCA was parental engagement in the development of their kid ‘s particular instruction plan. The jurisprudence provided chances for parents to convey civil cases to f ederal territory tribunal ( Conroy, Yell, Katsiyannis and Collinsw, 2010, p. 1 ) . Since the origin of EAHCA in 1975 the US Supreme Court has heard 11 instances related to the jurisprudence ( Conroy, et. Al, 2010, p. 3 ) . The jurisprudence was foremost revised eleven old ages after its origin and was named the Handicapped Children Protection Act of 1986 ( Conroy, et Al, 2010, p. 2 ) . The basic alteration to the jurisprudence in this alteration was that provinces had to supply services to kids with particular demands get downing at birth instead than age three. The 1990 amendment changed the name to the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) ( Conroy, et Al, 2010, p. 2 ) . IDEA was amended in 1997 and included transitional services from school to adult life ( Conroy, et Al, 2010, p. 2 ) . The 4th alteration of the initial 1975 jurisprudence occurred in 2004 with the Persons with Disabilities Improvement Act, which in kernel aligned the jurisprudence with No Child Left Behind. The 2004 alteration added the demand for extremely qualified instructors, ends for pupils with particular demands and measuring pupil degrees. IDEA defines the services and instruction that meet the criterions for what constitutes a free and appropriate instruction. A basic premiss of IDEA is the constitution of an Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) ( Bradley, 2006, p. 405 ) . IDEA governs particular instruction plans on a federal degree. IDEA has four cardinal constituents: States must guarantee a free and appropriate instruction to pupils with disablements in either public or private school ; an IEP must be developed for each kid with parental audience ; pupils must be educated in the least restrictive environment ; and parents can bespeak due procedure hearings with an independent officer when they object to the educational commissariats for their kid, whose determinations can be appealed to province instruction bureaus and so to province and federal territory tribunals ( Buck, 2012, p. 653 ) . Although EAHCA required that school territories provide instruction and services to kids with particular demands in private schools, it was non clear if kids in private schools would hold equal entree to services as their opposite numbers in public schools ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 3 ) . Originally the legal power over the private school fell on the LEA where the kid lived. The legal power has since changed to the location of the private school. Harmonizing to IDEA, the local instruction bureau ( LEA ) must supply Child Find services to kids in private schools ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 4 ) . In Child Find, the LEA must turn up, place and measure pupils with particular demands. Following Child Find, LEAs are required to apportion a proportionate sum of their federal financess to kids with particular demands in private schools ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 4 ) . LEAs must besides confer with with private school functionaries and parents. Following Child Find activities, allotment of relative federal financess and aforesaid audience, the LEA decides which services to supply. Harmonizing to Drang and McLaughlin, â€Å" Children enrolled in private school may have a different type and/or sum of service than their public school opposite numbers with similar disablements and educational demands. † ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 5 ) In fact, federal tribunal instances have determined that LEAs can non necessitate pupils with particular demands to go to public schools in order to have services but LEAs are non required to offer services at private schools ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 9 ) . The 2004 amendment provinces that kids with particular demands in private schools are eligible for services but the jurisprudence looks at them as a group, non as single pupils. Therefore, â€Å" no kid has an single right to a specific service. † ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 9 ) The 2004 amendment included appropriations through 2011. Therefore, Congress is presently placing issues for the following reauthorization of IDEA ( Jones and Toland, 2009, p. 1 ) . Some issues that will be examined include the sum of educational advancement required to run into FAPE criterions and what educational benefits are required to be written on an IEP? Congress will besides be looking at if IDEA permits the usage of restraints and privacy and what rights does a non-custodian parent hold? Many of the issues Congress will be debating root from judicial determinations sing IDEA. Payment for Particular Education IDEA requires LEAs to utilize a proportionate sum of their federal financess on private schools but they are non required to utilize any of their province or local dollars ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 9 ) . Private school arrangement can happen for pupils with disablements either based upon the IEP squad ‘s finding or parents ‘ enterprise ( Buck, 2012, p. 653 ) . In some cases it is non the parents who opt for private instruction but the school territory. If the school territory can non adequately supply services that a pupil requires, the territory may choose arrangement in a private school. Courts can reimburse the cost of private instruction in such instances. This applies specifically to schools that are established to run into the particular demands of pupils with disablements. If the public school can non adequately address specific demands, they should reimburse the tuition paid by parents ( Bradley, 2006, p. 408 ) . If parents enroll a kid in a private school because the public school did non supply a free and appropriate instruction, so the tribunals can mandate that the public school reimburse the costs of the tuition to the parents ( Buck, 2012, p. 654 ) . Current jurisprudence is if a kid with particular demands is placed in a private school by a LEA or SEA ( province educational bureau ) in order to run into the FAPE ( free and appropriate instruction ) the LEA or SEA must pay the full cost. If the kid with particular demands is placed in the private school by the parents, a hearing officer or tribunal must make up one's mind of full tuition or some services are paid for by the public school ( Jones and Toland, 2009, p. 29 ) . Further, if parents placed their kid in a private school because the LEA did non supply IDEA services, the public school must reimburse parents the cost of tuition ( Jones and Toland, 2009, p. 20 ) . Public V. Private Approach As Drang and McLaughlin noted, there is a deficiency of research related to particular instruction services bringing in private schools. Eigenbrood, nevertheless, examined differences in service bringing between sectarian and public schools in a Midwestern province in 2005. A notable determination of the Eigenbrood research was that pupils in sectarian schools are non ever officially diagnosed ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 9 ) . Eigenbrood farther noted that private schools study fewer Numberss of kids having formal ratings and IEPs. Eigenbrood concluded that the consequences found might be attributable to private schools and parents being sick informed about Child Find services ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 9 ) . Other research workers have supported that LEAs need to describe how they publicize Child Find activities. An of import differentiation between public and private instruction plans for pupils with particular demands relates to teacher makings. No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) required instructors in Title I schools to be â€Å" extremely qualified † or have a unmarried man ‘s grade or province enfranchisement or licence. Congress supported the â€Å" extremely qualified † teacher demand when reauthorizing IDEA in 2004 ( Hensel, 2010, p. 326 ) . Regulations require staff at private schools meet the same makings as those in public schools with the noteworthy exclusion that they are non required to run into the â€Å" extremely qualified † criterion for particular instruction instructors ( Drang and McLaughlin, 2008, p. 5 ) . Private school staff can be used to supply services but lone outside of their specified occupation responsibilities at the private school. Some research workers note jobs with how particular instruction plans are funded in general. Harmonizing to Jay Green with the University of Arkansas Department of Education Reform, the current system of particular instruction provides fiscal inducements to over identify pupils with particular demands and under serves pupil who are identified. Green studies that schools receive fiscal wagess when they place pupils in particular instruction plans. The Voucher System Green recommends publishing verifiers for the cost of public school to be used at private schools. Green notes that the figure of pupils defined as handicapped has grown from 8.3 % in 1976 to 13.3 % in 2000 ( Green, 2007, p. 705 ) . He elaborates by stating that while the figure of pupils classified as specific larning handicapped has tripled from 1976 to 2000, the figure diagnosed with terrible emotional perturbations, developmental holds, sightlessness, hearing loss, autism and traumatic encephalon hurt have merely increased somewhat during the same clip period. Green suspects that the greater figure of specific larning handicapped pupils is the consequence of labeling instead than an addition in the incidence of the disablement ( Green, 2007, p. 706 ) . He besides notes that the diagnosing of specific larning disablement is subjective and less expensive to handle. However, experts in the particular instruction field do non subscribe to this belief. Berman, Davis, Koufman-Frederick and Urion found in 2001 that the figure of kids with larning disablements has increased due to medical engineering promotions, deinstitutionalization and increasing rates of childhood poorness ( Green 2007, p. 707 ) . Green refutes Berman and his co-workers ‘ claims that there has been an addition in the rate of disablement. Rather, Green suspects that the figure of kids necessitating particular instruction has increased due to the excess support provided to schools when their registration in particular instruction additions. Green studies that schools receive support based upon their registration Numberss, non services they provide. Green supports verifiers issued for the cost of educating pupils with particular demands as a agency to diminish over designation and increase service proviso. Harmonizing to Green, with a verifier system pupils can travel to whatever school provides the best service. But is this truly the instance? Wendy Hensel in her article titled, â€Å" Vouchers for Students with Disabilities: The Future of Education? † in the Journal of Law and Education offers a unquestionably different feeling. In her position verifiers are awarded chiefly to pupils that are mildly impaired. Making so impacts support available to kids with more marked disablements than remain in the public school sector. The verifier system, if allowed to turn, could ensue in kids with disablements in public schools being segregated from their equal, in kernel returning to how services were provided prior to 1975. Hensel argues that verifier systems are promoted by involvement groups that support school pick in general due to dissatisfaction with public schools. Hensel cites that critics of the verifier system claim that verifiers chiefly serve pupils from flush households and that they disproportionally help white pupils ( Hensel, 2010, p. 342 ) . She goes on to state that flush parents demand specialised service s more than deprived households. In a 50-state study conducted by Deborah Verstegen with the University of Nevada, Reno, consequences showed that provinces are modifying their support to back up pupils with particular demands ( Verstagen, 2011, p. 23 ) . All but one province reported that they were supplying extra financess to augment federal support under IDEA for pupils with particular demands. The verifier system is operated by single provinces. Each province is under the duty to supply instruction. State jurisprudence can impact widening public support to private schooling ( Hensel, 2010, p. 310 ) . In 2010 three provinces provided verifiers to pupils with particular demands – Florida, Utah and Georgia. At this same clip, Ohio provided verifiers to pupils with autism. By 2012 three more provinces were added – Arizona, Louisiana and Oklahoma ( Shah, 2012, p. 14 ) . The undermentioned 12 provinces have introduced similar statute law over the past few old ages: Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, Nevada, Oregon, South Carolina and Texas ( Hensel, 2010, p. 306 ) . There is the concern that if more pupils opt for verifier plans, there will be less money to educate kids with particular demands in public schools where their degree of disablement can be more terrible ( Hensel, 2010, p. 318 ) . The United States Department of Education Office of Civil Rights ( OCR ) has ruled that pupils with particular demands that opt for verifier plans basically waive their rights under IDEA ( Hensel, 2010, p. 316 ) . The OCR recommended that parents who elect to take part in the verifier plan be made cognizant that their kids would non be entitled to FAPE ( free and appropriate instruction ) under IDEA while go toing the private school. Their kids would non be entitled to an IEP and they would lose their right for due procedure. However, protagonists of the verifier system would reason that the bulk of parents do non hold the resources to litigate claims and hence, IDEA offering legal rights for due procedure loses a batch of credibleness. Evidence shows that most pupils accepting verifiers to go to private schools receive no specific scheduling or individualized direction ( Hensel, 2010, p. 323 ) . Furthermore, there are no particular instructor demands under the verifier plan. Private schools under the verifier plan need merely employ instructors with â€Å" particular accomplishments, cognition or expertness † ; no specific instruction, licence or enfranchisement is required ( Hensel, 2010, p. 326 ) . Stuart Buck in his article, â€Å" Particular Education Vouchers are Beneficial: A Response to Hensel † in the October 2012 edition of the Journal of Law and Particular Education contends that teacher quality is non related to instructor certificates ( Buck, 2012, p. 657 ) . Buck farther supports the thought that public school demands have no bearing on the quality of instruction. Buck supports offering verifiers to parents who are dissatisfied with the public schools. The lone other alternate harmonizing to Buck for disgruntled parents is to prosecute in cases against the public school, which they probably would non win ( Buck, 2012, p. 663 ) . Voucher plans vary from province to province. Some provinces require pupils to go to public school for a twelvemonth while others do non ( Shah, 2012, p. 14 ) . Private schools have the option of non accepting pupils they do non desire, whereas public schools do non hold the same option ( Shah, 2012, p. 14 ) . Teachers ‘ brotherhoods have opposed the usage of public revenue enhancement dollars to back up attending at private schools ( Hensel, 2010, p. 298 ) . During the IDEA reauthorization arguments of 2003, the National School Board Association and the National Coalition of Public Education prevailed in their resistance to federal subsidies of verifiers for particular demands. The verifier system was even debated during the 2008 Presidential run. Whereas Sarah Palin advocated for IDEA support to travel to any public or private school selected by the parents, Barack Obama prevailed and proclaimed his resistance to public monies being used to back up private schools ( Hensel, 2010, p. 310 ) . Advocates for spiritual instruction have besides been involved in the verifier motion. Some have argued for illustration that Florida, one of the first provinces to acquire involved with verifiers, was more interested in verifiers for spiritual schools than for particular demands ( Hensel, 2010, p. 297 ) . Religious schools have been seeking engage in the verifier system for pupils with particular demands much faster than non-religious schools ( Hensel, 2010, p. 324 ) . Some parents prefer private schools to public because of smaller category sizes. Public schools would offer smaller category sizes if support was available. Whereas private schools may be able to supply more individualised attending due to smaller category size, what is the quality of the direction? Contemplation and Decision This research led me to inquire my aunt about her experience with her girl with particular demands. My aunt ab initio enrolled her girl in a private school for spiritual intents. The public school holding legal power over the private school identified a generalised acquisition disablement. My aunt later decided to maintain her girl enrolled in the private school feeling that smaller category sizes would supply more individualised direction. A particular instruction coordinator from the public school oversaw the one-year IEP. Otherwise, my cousin did non have any specialised direction. A tutoring lab was present at the private spiritual school that pupils could go to as they so chose but were non required to. None of the instructors had particular instruction certificates or experience. The adjustments my cousin received were text editions and novels on tape and extended time/reduced work burden. For trials, she received 1A? clip to finish and for prep, she was merely required to fini sh half of the assignment as determined by her instructors. My aunt was besides under the feeling that since instructors at the private school were non portion of the instructors ‘ brotherhood, they would be terminated for hapless public presentation. As this was her first kid, my aunt had nil to compare her experience to. Once my cousin graduated and transitioned to college, she was referred to the Ohio Rehabilitation Services Commission and received services through the Bureau of Vocational Rehabilitation ( BVR ) . BVR financed tutoring services, tuition aid, assistive engineering and specialized computing machine plans. My aunt did non cognize how her girl ‘s educational experience K-12 would be different had she been enrolled in public instruction. Public and private schools need to make a better occupation educating parents about their single plans so parents can do a more informed pick. So which system is better for pupils with particular demands – populace or private? The determination is ill-defined. However, sing that public schools are mandated to educate ALL kids and have criterions to run into comparative to serve proviso such as instructor makings, it appears that support should back up public schools. Wendy Hensel provided the most compelling grounds to back up public instruction. If the verifier system is allowed to turn, the service bringing theoretical account in public schools could change over back by about 40 old ages. The unity of the 1975 jurisprudence to supply a free and appropriate instruction to all pupils with disablements must be protected.

United Arab Emirates History and Independence

United Arab Emirates History and Independence Before its re-creation as the United Arab Emirates in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States, a collection of sheikhdoms extending from the Straits of Hormuz to the west along the Persian Gulf. It wasn’t a country so much as an expanse of loosely defined sheikhdoms spreading over some 32,000 square miles (83,000 sq. km), about the size of the state of Maine. Before the Emirates For centuries the region was mired in rivalries between local emirs on land while pirates scoured the seas and used the states’ shores as their refuge. Britain began attacking pirates to protect its trade with India. That led to British ties with the Trucial States’ emirs. The ties were formalized in 1820 as Britain offered protection in exchange for exclusivity: the emirs, accepting a truce brokered by Britain, pledged not to cede any land to ​any powers or make any treaties with anyone except Britain. They also agreed to settle subsequent disputes through British authorities. The subservient relationship was to last a century and a half, until 1971.​​​ Britain Gives Up By then, Britain’s imperial overreach was exhausted politically and bankrupt financially. Britain decided in 1971 to abandon Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, by then made up of seven emirates. Britain’s original aim was to combine all nine entities into a united federation. Bahrain and Qatar balked, preferring independence on their own. With one exception, the Emirates agreed to the joint venture, risky as it seemed: the Arab world had, until then, never known a successful federation of disparate pieces, let alone bicker-prone emirs with egos enough to enrich the sandy landscape. Independence: December 2, 1971 The six emirates that agreed to join in the federation were Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Sharjah, and Quwayn. On Dec. 2, 1971, the six emirates declared their independence from Britain and called themselves the United Arab Emirates. (Ras al Khaymah initially opted out, but eventually joined the federation in February 1972). Sheikh Zaid ben Sultan, Emir of Abu Dhabi, the richest of the seven emirates, was the union’s first president, followed by Sheikh Rashid ben Saeed of Dubai, the second-richest emirate. Abu Dhabi and Dubai have oil reserves. The remaining emirates do not. The union signed a treaty of friendship with Britain and declared itself part of the Arab Nation. It was by no means democratic, and rivalries among the Emirates didn’t cease. The union was ruled by a 15-member council, subsequently reduced to seven- one seat for each of the unelected emirs. Half the 40-seat legislative Federal National Council is appointed by the seven emirs; 20 members are elected to 2-year terms by 6,689 Emiratis, including 1,189 women, who are all appointed by seven emirs. There are no free elections or political parties in the Emirates. Iran’s Power Play Two days before the emirates declared their independence, Iranian troops landed on Abu Musa Island in the Persian Gulf and the two Tunb islands that dominate the Straits of Hormuz at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. Those islands belonged to Rais el Khaima Emirate. The Shah of Iran contended that Britain had wrongfully granted the islands to the Emirates 150 years before. He was retaking them, he alleged, to look after oil tankers traveling through the Straits. The Shah’s reasoning was more expedience than logic: the emirates had no way to endanger oil shipments, though Iran very much did. Britain's Enduring Complicity in Complications The Iranian troop landing, however, was arranged with Sheikh Khaled al Kassemu of the Sharja Emirate in exchange for $3.6 million over nine years and Iran’s pledge that if oil were discovered on the Island, Iran and Sharja would split the proceeds. The arrangement cost Sharjas ruler his life: Shaikh Khalid ibn Muhammad was gunned down in a coup attempt. Britain itself was complicit in the occupation as it explicitly agreed to let Iranian troops take over the Island one day before independence. By timing the occupation on Britain’s watch, Britain was hoping to relieve the emirates of the burden of an international crisis. But the dispute over the islands hung over relations between Iran and the Emirates for decades. Iran still controls the islands.

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example This set up the family as a father and mother in a monogamous and permanent relationship living with children who obeyed them and respected them until marriage, at which time they owed greatest devotion to their spouse but were still expected to honor their elders. Secular ideals were ruled more by the detrimental effects of wars and disease that had decimated the population during the middle ages. There was great concern that families would die out altogether and thus an increasing urge for extended families to remain together along patrilineal lines. The line of succession from father to sons had been widely adopted by this point in time and family wealth was beginning to be either taken up by greater lords as a means of funding their numerous wars or divided up among numerous sons born as a means of trying to circumvent fate and assure the bloodline survived. As a result of this, it was urged that brothers should live together. This way, the wealth could remain concentrated in one spot, as in falling to the oldest son of the line following the father’s death, while still supporting younger sons who may be required later to secure the family tree. While this didn’t normally occur, it did place a great deal more emphasis on the extended family and the importance of close family relationships. The rules of marriage included the idea that men could not marry the widows of their older brothers and they could not marry sisters either at the same time (bigamy) or in sequential order, such as when one sister died. Widows of the household were forced to leave in order to find a new husband or had to be content to remain a widow. She could not marry her step-son, which was often practiced prior to this law as a means of keeping her on the estate. Exogamy was an attempt to assure that only one married couple lived in a location at a time, increasing the chances that young men, even poor young men, would

To what extent should we widen the agenda of security studies to Essay

To what extent should we widen the agenda of security studies to include issues like the environment, population migration, food security, and the concerns of women (and other groups) - Essay Example Because of the far reaching consequences of such wars, it became increasingly necessary to select less violent means of settling conflict2. The rise of the Cold war however brought along with it a different set of crimes that defined the way in which this war was fought. The primary area of focus for security studies takes organized violence as its focus. It seeks to explore the various mechanisms by which individuals and aggregations of individuals use to undertake organized violent crime in an area. Once these mechanisms have been identified, security studies goes ahead to identify various ways in which the effects of such levels of violence can be mitigated. Accumulation of knowledge is a fundamental means of protecting oneself from organized violent crime. Knowing when criminals will attack and exactly where they will attack is vital knowledge in light of security issues. This knowledge can relate to the type of weapons that they will use their tactics, their use of humans as soft targets and the exact mechanisms by which they derive their motivation to undertake organized violent crime. Security studies also looks into greater fundamental aspects of organized crime at a national level3. The nature of weapons that a country has at its disposal is essential in determining the level of damage that could be caused by a security threat. The study if security studies would not be complete without evaluating the exact means by which war is caused. War is a delicate subject in the security systems of any country. Previously, it was entered into lightly as witnessed by the occurrence of World War I and World War II. However, with the numerous casualties that were experienced as a result of these wars, it became inhuman to the common man for these wars to be supported. In recent times, security studies has faced increasing pressure to investigate other areas of security that had not been the considered a security concern.